Fundamentals of Differential Equations: International Edition (8e)

Fundamentals of Differential Equations presents the basic theory of differential equations and offers a variety of modern applications in science and engineering. Available in two versions, these flexible texts offer the instructor many choices in syllabus design, course emphasis (theory, methodology, applications, and numerical methods), and in using commercially available computer software.

Fundamentals of Differential Equations, Eighth Edition is suitable for a one-semester sophomore- or junior-level course. Fundamentals of Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems, Sixth Edition, contains enough material for a two-semester course that covers and builds on boundary value problems. The Boundary Value Problems version consists of the main text plus three additional chapters (Eigenvalue Problems and Sturm-Liouville Equations; Stability of Autonomous Systems; and Existence and Uniqueness Theory).

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Solutions and Initial Value Problems

1.3 Direction Fields

1.4 The Approximation Method of Euler

           Chapter Summary

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 1

           A. Taylor Series Method

           B. Picard's Method

           C. The Phase Line

 

2. First-Order Differential Equations

2.1 Introduction: Motion of a Falling Body

2.2 Separable Equations

2.3 Linear Equations

2.4 Exact Equations

2.5 Special Integrating Factors

2.6 Substitutions and Transformations

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 2

           A. Oil Spill in a Canal

           B. Differential Equations in Clinical Medicine

           C. Torricelli's Law of Fluid Flow

           D. The Snowplow Problem

           E. Two Snowplows

           F. Clairaut Equations and Singular Solutions

           G. Multiple Solutions of a First-Order Initial Value Problem

           H. Utility Functions and Risk Aversion

           I. Designing a Solar Collector

           J. Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions to Linear Equations

 

3. Mathematical Models and Numerical Methods Involving First Order Equations

3.1 Mathematical Modeling

3.2 Compartmental Analysis

3.3 Heating and Cooling of Buildings

3.4 Newtonian Mechanics

3.5 Electrical Circuits

3.6 Improved Euler's Method

3.7 Higher-Order Numerical Methods: Taylor and Runge-Kutta

           Group Projects for Chapter 3

           A. Dynamics of HIV Infection

           B. Aquaculture

           C. Curve of Pursuit

           D. Aircraft Guidance in a Crosswind

           E. Feedback and the Op Amp

           F. Bang-Bang Controls

           G. Market Equilibrium: Stability and Time Paths

           H. Stability of Numerical Methods

           I. Period Doubling and Chaos

 

4. Linear Second-Order Equations

4.1 Introduction: The Mass-Spring Oscillator

4.2 Homogeneous Linear Equations: The General Solution

4.3 Auxiliary Equations with Complex Roots

4.4 Nonhomogeneous Equations: The Method of Undetermined Coefficients

4.5 The Superposition Principle and Undetermined Coefficients Revisited

4.6 Variation of Parameters

4.7 Variable-Coefficient Equations

4.8 Qualitative Considerations for Variable-Coefficient and Nonlinear Equations

4.9 A Closer Look at Free Mechanical Vibrations

4.10 A Closer Look at Forced Mechanical Vibrations

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 4

           A. Nonlinear Equations Solvable by First-Order Techniques

           B. Apollo Reentry

           C. Simple Pendulum

           D. Linearization of Nonlinear Problems

           E. Convolution Method

           F. Undetermined Coefficients Using Complex Arithmetic

           G. Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions

 

5. Introduction to Systems and Phase Plane Analysis

5.1 Interconnected Fluid Tanks

5.2 Elimination Method for Systems with Constant Coefficients

5.3 Solving Systems and Higher-Order Equations Numerically

5.4 Introduction to the Phase Plane

5.5 Applications to Biomathematics: Epidemic and Tumor Growth Models

5.6 Coupled Mass-Spring Systems

5.7 Electrical Systems

5.8 Dynamical Systems, Poincaré Maps, and Chaos

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Group Projects for Chapter 5

           A. Designing a Landing System for Interplanetary Travel

           B. Spread of Staph Infections in Hospitals-Part 1

           C. Things That Bob

           D. Hamiltonian Systems

           E. Cleaning Up the Great Lakes

 

6. Theory of Higher-Order Linear Differential Equations

6.1 Basic Theory of Linear Differential Equations

6.2 Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients

6.3 Undetermined Coefficients and the Annihilator Method

6.4 Method of Variation of Parameters

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 6

           A. Computer Algebra Systems and Exponential Shift

           B. Justifying the Method of Undetermined Coefficients

           C. Transverse Vibrations of a Beam

 

7. Laplace Transforms

7.1 Introduction: A Mixing Problem

7.2 Definition of the Laplace Transform

7.3 Properties of the Laplace Transform

7.4 Inverse Laplace Transform

7.5 Solving Initial Value Problems

7.6 Transforms of Discontinuous and Periodic Functions

7.7 Convolution

7.8 Impulses and the Dirac Delta Function

7.9 Solving Linear Systems with Laplace Transforms

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 7

           A. Duhamel's Formulas

           B. Frequency Response Modeling

           C. Determining System Parameters

 

8. Series Solutions of Differential Equations

8.1 Introduction: The Taylor Polynomial Approximation

8.2 Power Series and Analytic Functions

8.3 Power Series Solutions to Linear Differential Equations

8.4 Equations with Analytic Coefficients

8.5 Cauchy-Euler (Equidimensional) Equations

8.6 Method of Frobenius

8.7 Finding a Second Linearly Independent Solution

8.8 Special Functions

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 8

           A. Alphabetization Algorithms

           B. Spherically Symmetric Solutions to Shrödinger's Equation for the Hydrogen Atom

           C. Airy's Equation

           D. Buckling of a Tower

           E. Aging Spring and Bessel Functions

 

9. Matrix Methods for Linear Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Review 1: Linear Algebraic Equations

9.3 Review 2: Matrices and Vectors

9.4 Linear Systems in Normal Form

9.5 Homogeneous Linear Systems with Constant Coefficients

9.6 Complex Eigenvalues

9.7 Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems

9.8 The Matrix Exponential Function

           Chapter Summary

           Review Problems

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 9

           A. Uncoupling Normal Systems

           B. Matrix Laplace Transform Method

           C. Undamped Second-Order Systems

           D. Undetermined Coefficients for System Forced by Homogeneous

 

10. Partial Differential Equations

10.1 Introduction: A Model for Heat Flow

10.2 Method of Separation of Variables

10.3 Fourier Series

10.4 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series

10.5 The Heat Equation

10.6 The Wave Equation

10.7 Laplace's Equation

           Chapter Summary

           Technical Writing Exercises

           Group Projects for Chapter 10

           A. Steady-State Temperature Distribution in a Circular Cylinder

           B. A Laplace Transform Solution of the Wave Equation

           C. Green's Function

           D. Numerical Method for u=f on a Rectangle

 

Appendices

A. Newton's Method

B. Simpson's Rule

C. Cramer's Rule

D. Method of Least Squares

E. Runge-Kutta Procedure for n Equations

 

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

 

Index

With this edition we are pleased to feature some new projects and discussions that bear upon current issues in the news and in academia. In brief:

 

• Review of Integration Techniques  In response to our colleagues' perception that many of today's students' skills in integration have gotten rusty by the time they enter the differential equations course, we have included a new appendix offering a quick review of the methods for integrating functions analytically. We trust that our light overview will prove refreshing (Appendix A).
• New Projects  The projects in the text have been well received by its users. We have built upon the options available to instructors and students by adding the following:
• A project that models spread of staph infections in a hospital setting (an ongoing problem in the health community's battle to contain and confine dangerous infectious strains in the population) (Project B, Chapter 5).
• A project presenting a cursory analysis of oil dispersion after a spill, based roughly on an incident that occurred in the Mississippi River (Project A, Chapter 4).
• A project involving an application of the grande dame of differential equations techniques--power series--to predict the performance of Quicksort, a machine algorithm that alphabetizes large lists (Project A, Chapter 8).
• Closely related to the current interest in hydroponics is our project describing the growth of phytoplankton by controlling the supply of the necessary nutrients in a chemostat tank (Project F, Chapter 5).
• The basic theorems on linear difference equationsclosely resemble those for differential equations (but are easier to prove), so we have includeda project exploring this kinship (Project D, Chapter 6).
• New Exercises  We have added dozens of new problems on such topics as barometric pressure, compound interest, the mathematical equivalence of an impulse force and a velocity boost, and the systems description of the method of undetermined coefficents, when the nonhomogeneity is related to the associated homogeneous solutions.
• New Computing Technique  We finesse the abstruseness of generalized eigenvector chain theory with a novel technique for computing the matrix exponential for defective matrices (Section 8, Chapter 9).
• “Boxcar Function”  The rectangular window (or "boxcar function") has become a standard mathematical tool in communications industry, the backbone of such schemes as pulse code modulation, etc. Our revised chapter on Laplace transforms incorporates it to facilitate the analysis of switching functions for differential equations (Section 6, Chapter 7).
• Power Series Expansions  We conclude our chapter on power series expansions with a tabulation of the historically significant second-order differential equations, the practical considerations that inspired them, the mathematicians who analyzed them, and the standard notations for their solutions (Chapter 8).
• Updated References  Finally, we have updated the references to relevant literature and websites, especially those facilitating the online implemention of numerical methods.